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6-pulse Technology and Harmonics (part 5)

It's said by some experts that harmonics can significantly impact the motors, basically through voltage distortion. This voltage distortion at the motor's terminals translates into harmonic fluxes within the motor. These harmonic fluxes don't contribute much to motor torque. However they do rotate at a frequency different than the rotor synchronous frequency. In turn it induces high-frequency currents in the rotor.  

6-pulse Technology and Harmonics (part 4)

One way of looking at this is shown in Figigue 2 below, we see a power factor (PF) improvement curve superimposed over a harmonic resonance curve. 
power factor (PF) improvement curve superimposed
 

Note that the 5th and 7th order harmonics are shown interfering across a wide area of capacitor addition, specifically in the high power factor (PF) area, in which you would normally want to have their performance characteristic. As you can see from the figure, the interference is significant. 

6-pulse Technology and Harmonics (part 3)

Production of harmonics by line-commutated converters is related to the pulse number of the device. The harmonic spectrum of a 6-pulse drive consists of the 5th harmonic (300 Hz) and 7th harmonic (420 Hz) as the lowest predominant orders.
 

Power Factor improvement vs. harmonic resonance 

6-pulse Technology and Harmonics (part 2)

The figure below shows a basic 3-phase, 6-pulse, pulse-width modulation (PWM) drive (VSD). 
variable-speed drive
 

All pulse-width modulation (PWM) drives contain the following main parts, with subtle differences in hardware and software components. The input section of the pulse-width modulation (PWM) is the converter, and it contains six diodes (arranged in an electrical bridge). These diodes convert AC power to DC power.  

6-pulse Technology and Harmonics (part 1)

Most modern industrial facilities have the applications of nonlinear loads. These nonlinear loads represent a significant portion of the total facility load. As a result, Harmonic currents will be injected into the power system, which will cause harmonic distortion in voltage.
 

Compounding this problem is the fact that these nonlinear loads typically have a low power factor (PF), forcing many industrial facilities to use capacitor banks to improve power factor (PF) to avoid utility penalty charges.  

Dynamic Braking Resistor

Dynamic Braking Resistor is a high power / wattage resistor. This is used by a electric motor to assist in the process of dynamic braking. Pls refer to this article for more details: dynamic braking.  
 

We know that DC motors, unlike AC motors, act like a electrical generator when the motor has been disconnected from the power source. The DC motor functions like a generator due to the DC motors permanent magnet. The resistance to rotation causes the dynamic braking. The voltage and current produced by the DC motor is directed into the dynamic braking resistor to dissipate the heat energy.  

dynamic braking

 When the induction motor's rotor is turning faster than the synchronous speed set by the drive's output power, the motor is transforming mechanical energy available at the drive shaft of the motor into electrical energy. This electrical energy can be transferred back to the drive. This process is called as regeneration. Thus if the motor is regenerating, the DC bus voltage will increase, thus causing an over voltage fault at the drive. 

How to select a choke (inductor) (part 3)

Inductance
 
As for the inductance value, this depends on how much filtering you want. The inductance and the filter capacitance forms a lowpass filter. The larger the inductor, the lower the cutoff frequency of the filter, and the better the rejection of the 120Hz (if full wave rectified) or 60Hz (if half wave rectified) AC component of the rectified DC. 
 

Generally the larger the better. In fact larger inductances at low DC resistances mean larger chokes, which cost more money. Typically, 5-20 Henries is a good choice with the standard 32-50uF electrolytic capacitors.  

How to select a choke (inductor) (part 2)

The screens generally take around 5-10mA each, and the preamp tubes draw about 1-2mA. This means that you can get by with a much smaller choke (inductor). And the preamp supply current doesn't vary that much, so you can get by with a higher DC resistance, which means smaller wire can be used to wind the choke (inductor), which means higher inductance for a given size core. 
 
Just add up the current requirements of the screens and preamp tubes, and don't forget to add a bit more for margin. For example, for a 50W amp, a typical value might be 50-60mA.  
 

DC resistance 

How to select a choke (inductor) (part 1)

Chokes (inductors) are typically rated in terms of maximum DC current, DC resistance, inductance, and a voltage rating, which is the maximum safe voltage that can be applied between the coil and the frame (which is usually grounded). 
 
DC current

If you are using a choke-input filter, the choke (inductor) must be capable of handling the entire current of the output tubes as well as the preamp section.  


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